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����the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.

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����the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.

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����"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.

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����gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.

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����the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.

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����lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.

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����china clay: the deposits of china clay in cornwall are of great economic value.

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�����������Ӣ��רҵ�˼����Ե�����֪ʶ���֣��ܽ����������ҵ���Ҫ����ſ���ϣ����ͬѧ������������ The Fall Line�ٲ��ߣ�A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.

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����The Appalachian Range����������ɽ����1200 miles long��consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.

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����The Cordillera Range�Ƶ�����ɽ����Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.

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����The Great Basin����أ�The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.

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����The Great Central Plain�в���ƽԭ��The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.

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����The Great Plain��ƽԭ��The western part of the central plain.

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����The Mississippi River�������Ⱥӣ�The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. . It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.

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����The Five Great Lakes����������Lake Michigan, Superior, Erie, Huron and Ontario.

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����The Niagara Falls���Ǽ����ٲ���Famous falls in North America, 1240 meters wide, the drop averages 49 meters.

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����Yellow stone National Park��ʯ���ҹ�԰��Located in the northern part of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world and the largest wildlife preserve in the U.S.A. ��ʯ���ҹ�԰λ�ڻ������ݵı���������������������ϵĹ��ҹ�԰������������Ұ����������

����Grand Canyon��Ͽ�ȣ�In northern Arizona, one of the great natural wonders of the world. It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and more than a mile deep. Its walls show layers that tell the story of the formation of the earth.

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����Old Faithful����ʵ��Ȫ��The most famous gayer in Yellowstone National Park, erupting more than l00 feet in the air about every 73 minutes.

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����Chinatown���˽֣�An area in a city where many Chinese people live and where are Chinese shops, restaurants, clubs; two, important Chinatowns: New York City and San Francisco.

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����Indian Reservationӡ�ڰ������أ�It refers to the barren desert regions where only Indians live exclusively.

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����New England��Ӣ������It consists of six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. This region is featured with mountains, valleys, rivers.

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����The Mountain Statesɽ�����ݣ�Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.

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����The Pacific Coast States̫ƽ���ذ����ݣ�Washington, Oregon and California.

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����Mount McKinley �����ɽ��6187 meters high, on the middle of the Alaska, the highest peak on this continent.

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����Pearl Harbor ����ۣ�The base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A. near the city of Honolulu in Hawaii.

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����Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. 60% of the population in Canada inhabit in the area between Quebec city and the western end of Lake Ontario. ���ô��������Ϸ�Ա�ڶ���Ĺ��ң���Լ60%���˿ڼ����ڿ��������밲����ʡ���ˡ�

����Toronto���׶ࣺToronto is Canada's largest city and the provincial Capital of Ontario.

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����Ottawa��̫����Ottawa is the capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest city. It is located in the Ottawa Valley in the eastern part of the province of Ontario.

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����Vancouver�¸绪��Vancouver is British Columbia��s largest city and the third largest city in Canada. It is an important ice-free harbor and the major Canadian outlet to the Pacific Ocean and the largest cargo port on the Pacific.

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����Quebec������ʡ��Quebec is the largest province in Canada geographically, and the second most populous, after Ontario. It differs from the other provinces of Canada because of its strong French culture. Montreal, the second largest city of Canada, is located in this province. The Quebec city is the center of the province.

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����Mount Logan ����壺Mount Logan is the highest peak in Canada and is located in the Yukon Territory of northwest Canada.

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����The Mackenzie River ���Щ�ӣ�The Mackenzie River is the longest river in Canada, flowing between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains.

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����Ӣ����ѧ(English Literature)

����һ�� Old and Medieval English Literature�й�Ӣ����ѧ (8����-14����)

����1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period��Ӣ��ʱ�� (449-1066)

����a. pagan poetry(���ʫ��): Beowulf�������並��- �����ʫ�裻��ʫ(3000��) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities

����the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; �ƶ��б�

����b. religious poetry: Caedmon(������ 610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English song

����Cynewulf(�����並 9C): The Christ

����c. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)

����2) The Medieval Period ������ (1066-ca.1485 / 1500):

����a. Romance �����ʹ������ (1200-1500): the Middle Ages; Ӣ��ʫ��

��������ʫ�� - Sir Gawain and the Green Knight�����ľ�ʿ����ɫ��ʿ��: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines

����~ 14th C, Age of Chaucer:

����* Geoffrey Chaucer(���� 1340-1400): �ķ磺vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftness

����the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; �״���˫���塱; ��λ���׶ط���д��Ӣ������

����The Canterbury Tales: pilgrims stories ��Boccaccio(��٤��) - Decameron��ʮ��̸������

����The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose��õ������ʷ��(����)

����* William Langland(���� 1332-1400)��The Vision of Piers Plowman��ũ��Ƥ��˹֮����: ��ͨ�����е���Ό��

����b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471) : Morte d��Arthur����ɪ��֮����- Բ����ʿ

��������The Renaissance PeriodӢ�����ո��� (1500-1660): humanism ʮ����ʫ�����ո��ˣ�����ʫ������ɯ��Ϸ��

����1) ʫ�� Hey Howard(������ 1516-1547)

����a. Thomas Wyatt (������1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature

����b. Sir Philip Sidney(ѩ���ʿ 1554-1586)�������˵�ʱ������ - ��the complete man��Defense of Poetry��Ϊʫ�绤��

����Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia���������ǡ�: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(˹���� 1552-1599): the poets�� poet; non-dramatic poet of����ɯ��ʱ�� - long allegorical romance�ķ磺a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar

����The Faerie Queen���ɺ�long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza

����Spenserian Stanza(˹����ʫ��): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(�����) pentameter(�岽ʫ),

����and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(����ʫ) line.

����2) Prose ɢ��

����a. Thomas More(Ī�� 1478-1535): ŷ�����ڿ���������崴ʼ�� Utopia�����а: More�뺣Ա�ĶԻ�

����b. John Lyly (���� 1553-160��������&С˵��)��Eupheus

����Euphuism(��������): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(ͷ��) and other artificial prosodic(����) means. The use of odd similes(����) and comparisons

����c. Francis Bacon (��� 1561-1626)��Ӣ����λɢ�ļң����������ִ�ŷ��ʱ��; ����Ψ��������ѧ����˺ͽ���ʵ���ѧ���� the trumpeter of a new age; Essays(��˵�ļ�)��Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic

����3) Ϸ��

����a. Christopher Marlowe(���� 1564-1593): University Wits ��ѧ������ Edward II��The Jew of Malta�����������̫�ˡ�

����first made blank verse(����ʫ����Ѻ�ϵ��岽ʫ) the principle instrument of English drama

����The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus����ʿ�²�ʿ�ı��硷�����ݵ¹���������д��; ������������ʫ��

����Tamburlaine the Great����ľ����ۡ����п��Ұ�IJ����ĵ���

����b. William Shakespeare(������&ʫ��, 1564-1616): 154 sonnets(ʮ����ʫ) + 37 plays + long poems; ��ʵ���崴ʼ�� 16 comedies : Merchant of Venice (Shylock; Antonio; Bassanio; Portia);The Taming of the Shrew��ѱ���ǡ�

����A Mid-Summer Night��s Dream; As You Like It���Դ�ϲ��; The Twelfth Night; The Comedy of Errors;

����Much Ado About Nothing���������ǡ�; The Winter��s Tale������Ĺ��¡�; All is Well that Ends Well���ճɾ�����

����11 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet; Hamlet; Macbeth����˰ס�; The Tempest�������꡷

����Othello: a hero Othello vs. bad man Iago; Venice and Cyprus

����King Lear: British King; greatest achievement; most complex in plot and most painful

����10 historical plays: Hey IV; Hey V

����c. Ben Jonson(���� 1562-1637 ʫ��&������&������): Comedy of Humors; Volpone�����꡷; The Alchemist��������ʿ��

�������� 17������ѧ

����1) Literature of the Revolution Period (Age of Milton)�ʲ��׼�����ʱ��: poetry (Metaphysical ��ѧ��+ Cavalier��ʿ��) a. John Donne(��� 1572-1631)����ѧ�ɴ�ʼ��;A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning���ٱ�ǣ�Ī���ˡ�

�����ķ磺obscene, vulgar and serious philosophical thinking �C the conflict between body and soul

����The Holy Sonnets; The Flea; Go and Catch a Falling Star; The Songs and Sonnets������-����

����b. John Milton(�ֶ��� 1608-1674)��Renaissance and Reformation (�ڽ̸ĸ�)

����Paradise Regained������԰��; Paradise Lost��ʧ��԰��: the greatest English epic; Satan is the hero

����Samson Agonistes����ʿ�����closet drama; for reading rather than performing;

����On His Blindness��Ŀä��ӽ��; Areopagitica���۳������ɡ�; Comus; L��allegro�����ֵ��ˡ�; Lycidas

����c. John Bunyan(���� 1628-1688): prose writing in the Puritan Age; �ķ磺simple and lively prose style

����The Pilgrim��s Progress����·���̡�: prose allegory depicting a human soul searching for salvation �ڽ�Ԣ��

������������������İٿ�ȫ�顱��Ӣ����ѧʷ����̱�ʽ�������뵫�������������¹�˹�������¼���������������ڽ������ѧ������

����2) Literature of the Restoration Period (Age of Dryden)��������/������ʱ��: tendancy to Realism and Formalism restoration literature: cliquish cultureС�����Ļ�; French classical taste

����a. John Dryden (������ 1631-1700, ������&Ϸ���)��first poet laureate(���ʫ��); the father of English Criticism establish the heroic couplet(Ӣ��ʷʫʽ����ʫ) as the fashion for satiric, didactic(˵��) and descriptive(��д) poetry

���������������ѧʫ�ˡ�һ�ʣ�������ġ�Ӣ��˫����couplet��, ��ΪӢ��ʫ�����Ҫ��ʽ֮һ��All for Love; Alexander��s Feast; An Essay of Dramatic Poesy����Ϸ��ʫ�衷: the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, Ӣ�����ո���&��������

�����ġ�18����Ӣ����ѧ: Realism (��ע�����״����ͨ��) The Neoclassical Period (17��������-18����)

����~ Enlightenment (�����˶�): 18th C, ����-��ŷ, a progressive intellectual movement. ���ո��˵����죻�ʱ����巴�Է⽨���� Enlighten the world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas; rationality, equality & science ~ Neo-Classicism: ���� (Addison, Steele and Pope); ���� (Samuel Johnson) old classics

����Conform to rules and principles established by Roman and Greek Classical writers; use rimed couplet(Ѻ�ϵ�����ʫ) Order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, be judged in terms of the thematic concern

����a. Samuel Pepys(�ϲ�˼ 1633-1703): The greatest diarist in 17th CThe Diary

����b. Alexander Pope(�Ѱ� 1688-1744) : �¹ŵ��������; master in satire and heroic couplet; Age of Pope �C 18���ͳ��� �ķ磺�ʾ乤��������������������ByronӰ��޴� first introduced rationalism to England

����An Essay on Criticism(��Ů��); An Essay on Man; Odyssey; The Rape of the Lock���ᷢ�ǡ�; Dunciad�����˼ǡ� c. Richard Steele (˹�ݶ� 1672-1729) & Joseph Addison (������ 1672-1719): literary periodicals

����The Tattler(��̸�߱�): 1709, by Steele; Addison wrote essays; ����⽨ƫ���������ĸ��ˣ������ڶԶIJ��;����ķ��� The Spectator(�Թ��߱�)����ͬ���죻the Spectator Club --- �ִ�Ӣ��С˵�ȷ�

�������ף��ʲ��׼��������£�18����Ӣ�������ʵд�գ�Ӣ��ɢ����ʽ��Ϊһ����ѧ����

����d. Samuel Johnson (�ֵ�Լ�� 1709-1784) : literary dictator; ��grand champion in literature of that age��

����The Dictionary of the English Language: Ӣ���ֵ�Ļ�����The Lives of English poets: 52 early English poets

����2) ʮ������С˵������: ����Ӣ��С˵�� �C the Sentimentalist & the Realist

����* ��ʵ����

����a. Daniel Defoe(�Ѹ� 1661-1731): Ӣ����ʵ����С˵�����; Father of English and European NovelsMoll Flanders

����The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe:the first person singular

����Crusoe represented the English bourgeoisie at the early stage of its development.A Journal of the Plague Year b. Hey Fielding(�ƶ��� 1707-1754, С˵��&Ϸ���): Ӣ��С˵֮��; Ӣ���ִ�С˵��ʼ�ˣ�comic epic in prose��ʼ�� �ķ磺exact study and observation of real life Joseph Andrews; Amelia

����The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling����Ӥ��ķ����˹�Ĺ��¡�: 18����Ӣ��Ⱥ��Mr. Allworthy��Prose Humor�� c. Jonathan Swift(˹������1667-1745, ���ۼ�&���С˵��): ΰ����ѧ������֮һ��master of English satirical prose

�����ķ磺simple, clear and vigor; ��Proper words in proper places, makes the true definitions of a style��

����Gulliver��s Travels�����з��μǡ�: Liliput(С�˹�); Brogdingnagians(���˹�); Laputa(����̩��); Houyhnhnms(�����) The Battle of the Books; The Tale of a Tub; A Modest Proposal (bitter irony)

����d. Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771)��ð��С˵

����* Sentimentalism(��������): It indulges in emotion and sentiment, which are used as a sort of relief for the grief felt

����towards the world��s wrongs and as a kind of mild protest against social injustice.

����a. Samuel Richardson(���ɭ 1689-1761): the founder of the English domestic novel С˵��ʼ���ӡ����������ĵĶ����� Pamela; Clarissa; The History of Sir Charles Grandison

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����20���ͳ������ִ�����ʱ��American Modernism1. ��սǰʫ�� ���������ӵ������ִ�ʫ�贴ʼ��the father of modern American poetry, ������ʫ��֮�� Ezra Pound the father of Imagist Peotry 1885-1972 Cathay���ģ�Ӣ���й�ʫ��In a station of the Metro�ڵ���վPisam Cantos����ʫ�� The Cantos of Ezra Pound�ӵ�ʫ�£�109�׼�8��δ��ɸ壩�޲��ء�����˹�� New Hampshire�º���ʲ�� The Road Not takenû��ѡ��ĵ�· Robert Frost A Boy��s Wish������Ը After Apple-pickingժƻ��֮�� 1874-1963 North of Boston��ʿ��֮�� Mending Wall��ǽ����ʿ��ʷ����˹ spokesman for the rationalist humanist tradition

����Wallace Stevens Harmonium���� 1879-1955The Man With the Blue Guitar������������ Collected Poemsʫ�� The Auroras of Autumn����ij��� Sunday Morning������糿2. ��սǰС˵ ������˹��˾���ء��ƴĽ�����The Great Gatsby�˲���ĸǴı�

����F Scott Fitzgerald The Beautiful and the Damned�����ĺ͸����� 1896-1940 The Side of Paradise�˼����ã�his first novel�� Tender in the Nightҹɫ���� (��㯵�һ��) Tales of the Jazz��ʿʱ���Ĺ��� The Last Tycoon���ľ�ͷ Flappers and Philosophers�����Ǻ���ѧ����������������˹ ������һ����ŵ������ Sinclair LewisBabbitt�ͱ��� 1885-1951Main Street��� Arrowsmith����ʷ��˹ Elmer Gantry����Ĭ�������� Dodsworth������˹ŷ��˹�ء������� ����㯵�һ�����Ĵ�������Lost generation1954ŵ������ Ernest Hemingway Farewell to Arms�����ˣ����� 1899-1961 The Old Man and the Sea�����뺣The Sun Also Rises̫���������� For Whom the Bell Tollsɥ��Ϊ˭����Death in the Afternoon���֮�� In Our Time�����ǵ������; The Torrents of Spring����;������������ 1950ŵ������ William FaulknerThe Sound and the Fury������ɧ����lost innocence, stream of consciousness�� 1897-1962 Absalom,AbsolamѺɳ����Ѻɳ����historical novel��As I lay dying��������֮��

����Լ����˹̹���� 1962ŵ���������������ô�����ʱ������

����John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath��ŭ������ 1902-1966Of Mice and Men����� The Pearl���� Tortilla Flat���������¡�����ɭ Winesburg,Ohio�����ݵ���˹�� Sherwood AndersonThe Triumph of the Egg������ʤ�� 1876-1941 Death in the Woods����֮��3. ��սǰϷ���Ƚ����1936ŵ����������־��������Ϸ��ij��죬���� Eugene OneilBeyond the Horizon����� 1888-1953 The Long Days Journey Into Night��ҹ����·����4. �������� ����������˹������˹William Carlos Williams ʫ��1883-1963 Red Wheelbarrow��ɫ���Ƴ� ����ķ�����������ָ� Jerome David Salinger 1919-The Catcher in the Rye����������(��ƪС˵) �ܿˡ���³�ǿ�Jack Kerouac С˵�� 1922-1969 On the Road��·��

������ɪ������Arthur Miller ������ 1915-The Death of a Salesman����Ա֮�� ��������ɭ Ralph Ellison С˵�� 1914-1994 Invisible Man���������ˣ���ƪС˵��

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����1. Old and Medieval English Literature���й�Ӣ����ѧ����

����2. The Renaissance Period�����ո���ʱ�ڣ���

����3. The Neoclassical Period���¹ŵ�����ʱ�ڣ���

����4. The Romantic Period��ά������ʱ�ڣ���

����5. The Victorian Period��ά������ʱ�ڣ���

����6. The Modern Period���ִ�ʱ�ڣ���

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����the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france

����and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.

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����the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.

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����"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.

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�����ܽ����������ҵ���Ҫ����ſ���ϣ����ͬѧ������������ The Fall Line�ٲ��ߣ�A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.

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����The Appalachian Range����������ɽ����1200 miles long��consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.

��������������ɽ��ȫ��1200Ӣ���Ƥ�����ظ�ԭ�����������Ǹ�ԭ������������ɽ����ɡ�

����The Cordillera Range�Ƶ�����ɽ����Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.

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����The Great Basin����أ�The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.

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����The Great Central Plain�в���ƽԭ��The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.

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����The Great Plain��ƽԭ��The western part of the central plain.

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����The Mississippi River�������Ⱥӣ�drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.

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����The Five Great Lakes����������

����The Niagara Falls���Ǽ����ٲ���averages 49 meters.

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����Yellow stone National Park����������Ұ����������

����Grand CanyonIn one of the great natural wonders of the world. It 277Ӣ�ﳤ��18Ӣ���Լ

����Old FaithfulThe most famous gayer in Yellowstone National Park, erupting more than l00 feet in the air about every 73 minutes.

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����Chinatown���˽֣�An area in a city where many Chinese people live and where are Chinese shops, restaurants, clubs; two, important Chinatowns: New York City and San Francisco.

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����Indian Reservationӡ�ڰ������أ�It refers to the barren desert regions where only Indians live

����exclusively.

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����New England��Ӣ������It consists of six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. This region is featured with mountains, valleys, rivers.

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����The Mountain Statesɽ�����ݣ�Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.

����ɽ������ָ�����ɴ����ݡ��������ݡ������������Լ���ī�����ݡ�

����The Pacific Coast States̫ƽ���ذ����ݣ�

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����Mount McKinley �����ɽ��this continent.

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����Pearl Harbor ����ۣ�Hawaii.

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����Ottawathe Ottawa Valley in the eastern part of the province of Ontario.

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����Vancouver�¸绪��Vancouver is British Columbia��s largest city and the third largest city in Canada. It is an important ice-free harbor and the major Canadian outlet to the Pacific Ocean and the largest cargo port on the Pacific.

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����Quebec������ʡ��Quebec is the largest province in Canada geographically, and the second most

����populous, after Ontario. It differs from the other provinces of Canada because of its strong French culture. Montreal, the second largest city of Canada, is located in this province. The Quebec city is the center of the province.

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����The Canadian Shield���ô�ضܣ�The Canadian Shield is a semicircle band of rocky highlands and plateaus around the Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories. The Shield covers almost half of the Canadian territory.

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����Mount Logan ����壺Territory of northwest Canada.

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����The Mackenzie River ���Щ�ӣ�1600���

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�����½����� Protestantism

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